Metallurgy

Chemical Testing

American Testing Services provides a range of destructive and non-destructive methods in determining unknown material or conformance to specifications and drawings. Contact our metallurgical department for more information or help in determining the proper method/technique needed for evaluation of your material.

Destructive

Combustion Analysis (Carbon and Sulfur)

We provide precise carbon and sulfur quantification of metallic samples by combustion evaluation. A sample size of 1 gram minimum is necessary for proper testing using this method.

Optical Emission Spectroscopy (Glow Discharge OES)

Rapid evaluation of the full composition of metallic samples is available through GDS analysis. This can be conducted on a wide range of alloys, in evaluation of unknown samples or in determining conformance to specifications.

Non-destructive

Positive Material Identification (X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis)

ATS can provide rapid non-destructive qualitative chemical evaluation of material and/or finished machined parts, both in-house, and on-site at the customer’s location by the use of a portable Positive Material Identification (PMI) analyzer. This rapid testing method can be used for material sorting, confirming correct use of alloy, or in identifying unknown material.

Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (Via Scanning Electron Microscope)

For the evaluation of debris/contamination, evaluation of plating, analysis of microstructural phases or for small samples, qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis by energy dispersive x-ray analysis is available. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) is used in conjunction with examination using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at magnifications ranging from 20 to 20,000X. ATS features Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy (VPSEM) services. Using the SEM in the VPSEM mode at high pressure and low vacuum, allows for the examination and analysis of nonconductive materials without the need for sputter coating with gold or carbon. The VPSEM mode produces high resolution imagery with good depth of field using secondary and backscattered electron collection and processing.

Corrosion Testing

Parts produced from material which has been improperly heat treated may fail prematurely in service through intergranular attack, pitting or cracking. To ensure the proper processing of many grades of stainless steel, ATS offers corrosion screening and testing in accordance with widely recognized ASTM standard A262. Pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of some grades is sometimes evaluated using the Ferric Chloride immersion test specified in ASTM G48.

Failure Analysis

Determining why metal components and assemblies fail is one of the most important aspects of metallurgical testing and inspection. Through use of all available laboratory tools and techniques, we can determine the root cause of the failure and make recommendations in material selection and processing to prevent the recurrence of future problems. ATS’s highly qualified staff of Metallurgists boast many years of experience in failure investigation support to the aerospace, US Department of Defense weapons programs, automotive and commercial sectors.

Mechanical Testing

Charpy Impact Testing

This testing is conducted by striking a precisely machined notched specimen with a swinging hammer and measuring the energy the sample absorbed during the impact. This determines the notch sensitivity and impact toughness of material at a range of temperatures. Ductile to brittle transition temperature can be determined by evaluating and comparing impact energy at temperatures ranging from room temperature to minus 321 degrees Fahrenheit, which is important when designing components to be used in a variety of environments.

Tensile testing

Sample preparation and tensile testing are generally conducted in accordance with standard ASTM practice such as ASTM A370, E8 and ASTM B557. Tensile tests are used to determine the modulus of elasticity, elongation, reduction in area, tensile strength, yield point, yield strength and other related properties.

Hardness

Indentation hardness testing is a time-tested method of judging the relative hardness of a variety of metal, their alloys and of polymers. These test methods include Macro Vickers, Micro Vickers, Knoop Microhardness, Standard Rockwell, Superficial Rockwell, Brinell Hardness testing and Durometer. Since measured hardness levels are often directly correlated to measured tensile properties, hardness testing provides a quick and effective measure of target properties achieved through various types of processing, such as heat treatment or cold working.

Proof Load Testing

Brazed, welded and machined assemblies and components can be fixtured, secured in one of our Universal Testing machines and loaded in either tension or compression to a prescribed or design proof load. Following visual examination for deformation, cracking or breakage the part may be further evaluated by one of several comprehensive non-destructive examination disciplines such as magnetic particle inspection, fluorescent penetrant inspection, ultrasonic inspection or radiography.

Bend Testing

Acceptance testing, or requalification testing, of some materials requires that the ductility and surface integrity of the material be tested by wrapping, or bending, a sample around a specified mandrel size. This is commonly seen in Aerospace Material Specifications (AMS) for some stainless steels and high alloy materials.

Metallography

Metallography is the study of the structure of materials using microscopy. Metallography is a fascinating science, in that all metals have a microstructure unique to themselves, depending upon how they have been processed and heat treated. By microscopic examination of the structure, both as-polished and etched, with a suitable base or acid solution, we can determine the grade and heat-treated condition, grain size, inclusion content, microconstituents and phase distribution. The changes in steel microstructures through various heat treatments was first documented over 150 years ago. Metallography is an invaluable tool to the metallurgist in determining the general quality of wrought, cast and additive manufactured metal produced regarding features such as micro cleanliness, chemical segregation, carburization, decarburization, intergranular oxidation, alloy depletion and eutectic melting. It is therefore an indispensable tool in failure investigations and quality control screenings.

Weld Qualification Testing

ATS offers weld and brazing procedure and performance qualification testing to clients for accredited certification to a number of US, European and Asian codes. Testing may include macro sections, micro sections, macro and micro hardness surveys, face bends, root bends, side bends, reduced section tensile testing, all weld metal tensile testing, charpy impact testing, ultrasonic inspection, penetrant inspection, visual inspection, magnetic particle inspection and radiography.

Metallurgical testing examines a metal’s microstructure and its chemical and mechanical properties to determine whether it is suitable for a particular application or conforms to a required drawing or specification. For more, see why metallurgical analysis matters and metallurgical testing methods.

Yes. Our metallurgical lab in Miamisburg, Ohio, is accredited by A2LA to ISO/IEC 17025.

Chemical testing, corrosion testing, failure analysis, mechanical testing, metallography and weld testing. Read more about metallurgical failure analysis and corrosion testing.

Yes. We offer metallurgical testing as a stand-alone service or as a complement to any of our non-destructive testing services.

Metallurgy breaks a sample so you know how, why and where it’s possible to fail. NDT shows you what you need to see without breaking it. Our post on non-destructive testing vs. metallurgy goes deeper.